It has been relatively recently (the sixties, in fact) before much attention was paid to adult development. Freud assumed that the basis of personality was laid down in early childhood. Piaget thought that we had matured intellectually as much as we were going to by adolescence.
 |
Stop and think about that a minute-
your personality and intellectual ability not progressing past whatever
it was when you were 15.
If you were anything like I was at 15, that’s a pretty sad thought. |
- Many authors have argued that it is not possible to study
stages in adult development because adult experiences are so much more
diverse than children’s. After all, the argument goes, almost all children
live with their parents, attend school from ages six through sixteen, where
adults have wildly different lifestyles. Some adults work in international
finance and are flying to Singapore and Paris every other week, while others
will be putting bolts on hubcaps eight hours a day and never get more than
fifteen miles from where they were born. Adults can be married, single,
cohabiting, childless, single parents, etc.
Secondly, adults lives may not be all THAT different. When you think about it, we all go through some of the identical decisions.
- Do I want to get married?
- If so, to what type of person?
- Am I satisfied with my job, and, if not, what can I do about it?
- Do I want to have children?
- Should I go back to school and get more education?
Further, there is the idea of a social clock which
sets when it is age appropriate for certain life events to take place (your
text defines a life event as a turning point when individuals change direction
in the course of their lives). After a certain point in time, we begin
to feel that the ‘time is running out on us’.
For example, if a young person is living at home and attending college at age 18, we consider that perfectly normal. If that same person is living at home, financially dependent on his or her parents and attending college at age 29, we consider that to be socially unacceptable.
Similarly, having a first child at age 15 is supposed
to be too early, but having a first child (particularly for a woman) at
age 48 is perceived as somehow unnatural.
Personality traits are also defined somewhat by the social
clock. It is acceptable for my adolescent daughter to not be sure of
what she wants to do in life, to be somewhat irresponsible and unreliable.
After all, we reason, “She is young.” If my 97-year-old grandmother, on
the other hand, went out every weekend with her friends, staying out until
midnight, and left her clothes lying all around the house, I would be very
upset. This behavior does not fit our age norms for elderly people.
If at 39, I decided I wanted to just stay home and sip
tea all day, watch a little TV and work in my garden growing flowers ,
well, I am pretty certain my family would be convinced something had gone
seriously wrong with me. (Yet, it is okay for my grandmother to live this
way.)
Probably the four people who are best known for their research on adult development are Erik Erikson (who was really the first to push for the idea of developmental stages in adulthood), Daniel Levinson, Gail Sheehy and Bernice Neugarten.
The next page briefly discusses Levinson’s work on adult development. Half of this (his research on women) is not included in your textbook because the research was published after this textbook was already in press. Incidentally, the next page assumes that you have read pages 394-404 on periods in adult development. If you haven’t, I recommend that you go back and do that now.
Go to Levinson's research on
adult male development
Go back to the previous page
on adolescence
Email me questions,
comments about how great the course is, etc.